Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and probabilistic health risk assessment in yogurt and butter in Iran

This study was conducted to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels and health risk of yogurt butter samples collected from Tehran using MSPE/GC-MS (magnetic solid-phase extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The results revealed that limit detection (LOD) quantification (LOQ) were ranged 0.040 0.060 0.121 0.181 μg/kg, respectively; with recoveries 86.1% 100.3%. highest mean total PAHs higher in (6.87 ± 1.21 μg/kg) than (3.82 0.54 μg/kg). level benzo (a)pyrene all lower standard European Union (EU). value recorded winter season also expiration date. percentile 95% hazard quotient (THQ) due consumption 1.33E-02 3.69E-04 adults 6.12E-02 1.75E-03 children, respectively. incremental lifetime cancer (ILCR) ingestion 1.17E-06 2.02E-08 for 5.51E-06 9.46E-08 rank order 7 adult children based on P95% Hazard Quotient (HQ) benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) > pyrene (P) fluorene (F) fluoranthene (Fl) acenaphthylene (Ace) anthracene (A) naphthalene (NA). According Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method, health-risk assessment showed are not at significant risk.